![]() ![]() In this review, we will explore the emerging research that indicates stress does have direct effects on the cardiovascular system via the HPA axis activation, with emphasis on the latest research on the impact of glucocorticoids signaling in the vasculature and the heart.Īctivation of the HPA axis initiates when the hypophysiotropic neurons localized in the PVN of the hypothalamus are stimulated to synthesize and secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) ( Figure 1). ![]() There is debate about whether cardiovascular health risks arise from the direct detrimental effects of stress axis activation or whether pathologies develop secondary to the accompanying metabolic strain of excess glucocorticoids. The cardiovascular system is especially susceptible to prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and glucocorticoid production. ![]() Although the secretion of glucocorticoids serves to protect and maintain homeostasis in the typical operation at baseline levels, inadequate regulation can lead to physiologic and psychologic pathologies. These organs respond to imminent or perceived threats that elicit a stress response, primarily culminating in the release of glucocorticoids into the systemic circulation by the adrenal glands. The collective of endocrine organs acting in homeostatic regulation-known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-comprises an integration of the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues. ![]()
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